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Victorian literature refers to the body of literary work that was written during the reign of Queen Victoria over the United Kingdom, from 1837 until her death in 1901. Most literary historians consider 1830 the beginning of the Victorian era. Literature produced up to 1870 is usually called early Victorian, while everything produced after that year is often referred to as late Victorian. The Victorian era served as a transition between the Romantic period and the literature of the twentieth century. British writers commanded the Victorian era, although also popular were writers from France, the United States, and Russia, among other countries. Characteristics and Themes of Victorian Literature
Writers of the Victorian era created literature that commented on societal, economical, religious, and philosophical ideas of the time. Much of Victorian literature criticized the increased industrialization of the world, and on the other hand, the deterioration of the rural lifestyle. Much Victorian literature dabbled in satire as it critiqued the society it entertained. While the middle class increased its political power over society, the poor had to make due with less. Writers of the Victorian era critiqued this imbalance of power in their work.
Victorian literature addressed the themes of conflict among the classes as well as the burgeoning push for women's rights. However, the defining characteristic of Victorian literature is a strong focus on morality. Heroes of Victorian literature are often the oppressed members of society, such as the poor. Victorian writers romanticized hard work and strong virtue. Characters with good morals were usually rewarded, while characters who acted poorly received their just desserts in the end. Victorian fiction was often written with the intention of teaching a moral lesson to readers.
Underneath the moral surface, characters in Victorian literature are often teeming with passion and tempted by evil. The characters of Victorian literature, however, show restraint against their wild emotions—a restraint that was abandoned by the Romantic writers who came before, celebrating wildness and uncontrollable emotions.
Another popular theme of Romantic literature was the celebration of the past. During the Victorian era, many readers also sought stories about chivalry and courtly love. The poet laureate of the time—Alfred, Lord Tennyson—published a cycle of twelve narrative poems called "Idylls of the King" in the mid-nineteenth century. The poems told the story of the legend of King Arthur's kingdom, although some details were changed to better teach the moral lessons of the day. For instance, in Tennyson's version of the story, Lady Guinevere repents for her infidelities to the king by spending the rest of her life in a convent. Many critics saw the poems as an allegory for popular problems in Victorian culture, such as the struggle to remain morally ideal and women's attempts at earning more power.
The Victorian era was a period of great scientific discovery. People of this time were quite interested in understanding the natural world. Naturalist Charles Darwin published his book the Origin of Species in 1859. This landmark scientific work challenged widely held beliefs about the origin of man. At the book's publication, many people considered the work scandalous. With time, however, Darwin's theories about evolution became more accepted. The publication of the Origin of Species changed the world's views on philosophy and religious fundamentalism.
Victorian literature is sometimes viewed in a negative light because of the era's prudishness, narrow mindedness, and strict conformation to societal rules. While these arguments are a true reflection of the popular beliefs of Victorian era society, many writers of the time criticized this trend in their work, went against social convictions, and created writings that are relevant to and revered by modern society.

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