suppose the multiplier is 3 and the government increases its purchases by $25 billion. also, suppose the ad curve would shift from ad1 to ad2 if there were no crowding out; the ad curve actually shifts from ad1 to ad3 with crowding out. finally, assume the horizontal distance between the curves ad1 and ad3 is $30 billion. the extent of crowding out, for any particular level of the price level, is