Scenario C. Gabriel, chief executive officer of Chesapeake Financial Inc., sends a memo to his vice presidents regarding new procedures for annual performance reviews. The vice presidents meet informally to discuss the new procedures. When the new procedures are announced to the other employees, they form feedback teams, and these teams draft memos providing feedback to the vice presidents and Gabriel regarding the advantages, disadvantages, and potential problems with the new procedures. The feedback memos sent by the teams of employees to the vice presidents and Gabriel are examples of ______ communication. Select one: a. nonverbal b. upward c. horizontal d. grapevine e. informal