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Title: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom: A Violation of Sovereignty
Introduction:
The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893 remains a controversial event in history, characterized by the unlawful removal of Queen Liliuokalani and the imposition of foreign rule. This essay argues that the overthrow was a clear violation of Hawaiian sovereignty, supported by historical evidence, legal documentation, and firsthand accounts.

Paragraph 1:
In 1893, on January 17th, the Hawaiian Kingdom was forcibly overthrown by a group of American businessmen and politicians. According to the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) website, the overthrow was spearheaded by the Committee of Safety, led by Sanford B. Dole. The Committee claimed that the Hawaiian monarchy was corrupt and oppressive, but these allegations were subjective and lacked substantial evidence. The overthrow, therefore, lacked a legitimate basis for intervention.

Paragraph 2:
The U.S. role in the overthrow further demonstrates the violation of Hawaiian sovereignty. On February 14, 1893, John L. Stevens, the American minister to Hawaii at the time, conspired with the insurgents to facilitate the overthrow. As detailed in "The Annexation Of Hawaii" by William M. Morgan, published in The World's Work in 1901, Stevens ordered American troops to land in Honolulu and stationed them near key government buildings, creating an intimidating presence. This intervention by a foreign power directly undermined the independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

Paragraph 3:
Queen Liliuokalani, the rightful monarch of Hawaii, was forcefully removed from power during the overthrow. On January 17, 1893, as recounted in her autobiography "Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen," she yielded to the U.S. military and appealed to President Grover Cleveland for assistance. However, Cleveland's subsequent investigation acknowledged the illegality of the overthrow. In his message to Congress on December 18, 1893, Cleveland emphasized that the U.S. government had failed to adhere to principles of international law and committed a grave injustice.

Paragraph 4:
The overthrow also violated the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation between the United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom, signed in 1849. The treaty, as highlighted by Dr. Keanu Sai in his article "The American Occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom: Beginning the Transition from Occupied to Restored State" published in the Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal in 1994, stipulated that the Hawaiian Kingdom maintained its sovereignty and independence. The U.S. government's involvement in the overthrow contradicted the spirit and obligations of this treaty.

Paragraph 5:
International response to the overthrow further underscores its illegality. The Pacific Commercial Advertiser reported on February 14, 1893, that multiple foreign powers, including Great Britain, Germany, and Japan, refused to recognize the new Provisional Government established by the insurgents. These nations respected the sovereignty of the Hawaiian Kingdom and deemed the overthrow an affront to international law. Their stance signifies a broader acknowledgment of the wrongful act committed against Hawaii.

Conclusion:
The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893 was a clear violation of Hawaiian sovereignty, evidenced by historical records, legal documents, and international responses. The unlawful removal of Queen Liliuokalani, the involvement of the United States, the violation of treaties, and the global condemnation of the coup all contribute to the undeniable injustice inflicted upon the Hawaiian people. Recognizing and acknowledging this historical event is essential for understanding the ongoing impact it has had on the Native Hawaiian community and their quest for justice and self-determination.