In the pharmacotherapy management of moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which of the following medications is commonly used as a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) and has shown efficacy in reducing disease activity and preventing organ damage?

A) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
B) Corticosteroids
C) Hydroxychloroquine
D) Mycophenolate mofetil
E) Antimalarial drugs