The nurse uses _______________ ______________ and _______________ __________ to determine whether the client is able to ________________ the information. For example, a young child or a client suffering advanced dementia is not likely to understand the information. It would not be reasonable in these circumstances for the nurse to inform the client that a substitute decision-maker will be asked to make a decision on his/her behalf.

a) Visual aids
b) Cognitive assessments
c) Physical examinations
d) Emotional support