The nurse tells a mother that the doctor is preparing to circumcise her newborn. The mother expresses concern that the infant will be uncomfortable during the procedure. The nurse explains that the physician will numb the area before the procedure. Additional methods of comfort often used during the procedure include which of the following?
a) Providing a pacifier
b) Stroking the head
c) Restraining both arms and legs
d) Talking to the infant
e) Giving the infant a sedative before the procedure