Steps of scientific methods include question or problem statement, hypothesis and predictions, main and particular goals, methodology and data collection, results, discussion, and conclusion.
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The scientific method is a research method that consists of systematic observations, measures, experimentation, analysis, and verification of a hypothesis.
It is based on two aspects:
- reproducibility, which is the capability of reproducing the experiment in any other place by any researcher,
- refutability, which is the susceptibility to be refused.
When conducting an experiment, you need to consider,
- Definition and problem statement. The question for which there is not an answer yet. A question the investigator wants to answer.
- Theoretical framework. Antecedents from other investigations. Previous knowledge about the study object is always required for a better understanding.
- The main goal of the study is basically what the investigator wants to find out.
- Hypothesis formulation. The researcher makes a hypothesis to predict what is going to happen. It is a conjecture, not verified, that requires corroboration.
- Predictions. If present (not necessarily), the researcher makes predictions that are confirmations deduced from the hypothesis.
- Identification of the study groups and involved variables -independent, dependent, and control-.
- Methodology description. Steps needed to get data.
- Results. It includes data collection and analysis. This step involves testing the observations.
- Discussion and Conclusion, through which the hypothesis might be rejected or accepted.
When publishing your research, you need to make an introduction (Theoretical framework, hypothesis, and main goal), Materials and Methods (Material used, the method applied, and statistical analysis used), Results (Data obtained), Discussion and Conclusion (Hypothesis verification).
In the exposed example,
- Problem: Will a bean plant grow taller under green light than under sunlight?
- Hypothesis: The bean plant grown under the green filter will grow taller than the bean plant grown under unfiltered sunlight.
- Prediction: Greenlight makes plants grow taller. Plants are colored green, so maybe they grow more in green light.
- Methodology: Two identical bean plants are grown next to each other. They receive the same amount of water and sunlight. One plant is covered with a green, light-filtering plastic cover, and the other with a clear plastic cover. Measurements of the bean plants’ heights are recorded every day for two weeks.
- Results: The plant grown in natural sunlight grew taller than the green-filtered plant.
- Conclusion: Greenlight does not make plants grow taller.
The student writes a lab report detailing the experimental procedure and results.
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