Answer: d. All of the above are true.
If an organism lives currently in a specific environment, it does not mean that it cannot spread further on due to changes. A good example are invasive species that under human influence have spread in many areas of the globe where they have had a negative impact on native ecosystems.
Our planet is a complex system with many interconnected parts. Thus, what happens in one region can affect many other regions as both air and water move globally. The same is true for locally released carbon dioxide that will result in a local increase in air temperature. However, this can change the global air currents or [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] itself can move and accumulate in other regions.
