A."These trees," he explained, "can grow from five to seven feet per year."
B.Patrick said, "Our team of ten has grown to twenty players".
C."The word can be pronounced with a short vowel sound." he mentioned, "or with a long one."
D."Also," he added. "the boards can be painted or unfinished."
Number "A" is correct. Correct uses of quotations and all that jazz. If you are starting off a sentence with "(name) said" the sentence will almost always (if not, always) end in (."). For example:
My friend said, "I like bananas."
Don't do:
My friend said. "I like bananas". Or anything weird like that. Also, don't do:
"I like bananas." My friend said. It's not really correct, I would assume so.
Sorry if you cannot read my gibberish but I hope this helped if you had trouble.