Answer:
- It is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events.
- It is a concept that can only be applied to human behavior.
Explanation:
The third option is wrong because learned helplessness initially studied by Seligman and Overmeier when they paired electric shocks with dogs, not Pavlov and Skinner.
The last option is wrong because learned helplessness through the chancing of psychological frames and intervention.