Brad always buys and uses Nike brand golf balls. If he finds a Titleist or Callaway ball in the rough, he gives it away. Brand loyal golfers like Brad allow Nike to charge a higher price and not lose many sales. By building a strong brand, Nike has effectively
a. focused on the competitive parity point for its products.
b. reduced the price elasticity of demand for its products.
c. increased the income effect for its products.
d. increased the cross-price elasticity for its products.
e. shifted the golf ball market from a monopoly to pure competition.