Answer:
d. both income retained by the corporation and contributions by stockholders.
Explanation:
There are two major sources of stockholders´ equity is paid up capital and retained earning.
Paid up capital: It is capital brought into the business by selling stock in the public or market. It raises capital of any company. Company can further raise fund by selling more stock in the market. It increases stockholder´s equity.
Retained earning: It is calculated of the total accumlated profit minus dividend paid. It increases the shareholder´s equity on the balance sheet.
