Answer:
The answer is A. The absence of soil.
Explanation:
Primary and secondary succession are two types of ecological succession (succession of colonization of species in an ecosystem in a barren or destroyed habitat).
Primary Succession:
Primary succession is the the colonization of a barren area of land that is completely devoid of soil.
Secondary succession:
Secondary succession occurs in an area with ample soil but which has been destroyed by human intervention or natural disasters such as a wild fire or volcanic eruption.
