The correct answer is A) Part of Europe, Africa, and Asia, but not the Indian subcontinent.
The option that accurately describes the areas reached by Islamic expansion by the 12th century is "Part of Europe, Africa, and Asia, but not the Indian subcontinent."
Military expansion of Arab states and trade in different regions were the main ways for the spread of Islam to Europe, Asia, and Africa. They conquered territories and converted people into Islam. They did not reach India in the 12th century but the vast Muslim territory expanded from West and Eastern Europe to the Middle East and parts of North Africa.
