1. At 1 atm and 298 k, pentane is a liquid whereas propane is a gas. Explain.
2. At 1 atm and 298 k, methanol is a liquid whereas propane is a gas. Explain.
3. Indicate the hybridization of the carbon atom in each of the following:
i) Methanol
ii) Methanoic (formic) acid
4. Draw the complete lewis electron-dot diagram for a molecule of propanoic acid, HC3H5O2.
5. Explain the following observations about the two carbon-oxygen bonds in the methanoate (formate) anion, HCO2-.
i) The two carbon-oxygen bonds in the methanoate (formate) anion, HCO2-, have the same length.
ii)The length of the carbon-oxygen bonds in the methanoate (formate) anion, HCO2-, is the intermediate between the length of the carbon-oxygen bond in methanol and the length of the carbon-oxygen bond in methanal.

1. There are stronger inter-molecular forces at play when a certain substance is a liquid as compared to a gas. Pentane is liquid due to the hydrogen bonding present between its molecules.

2. Inter-molecular forces between propane molecules are weaker as compared to methanol. There are no hydrogen bonds present between the propane molecules.

3. Methanol: [tex]sp^{3}[/tex]

Methanoic (formic) acid: [tex]sp^{3}[/tex]

4. attached

5. i) Since there are two resonance structures possible in this case, the bond length is given as an average value of the carbon-oxygen bond, one where it is a single bond and the other where its a double bond.

ii) Continuing from the explanation above, the value of bond length in the case of methanoate anion would be in between the bond length of a single carbon-oxygen bond and a double carbon-oxygen bond in methanol.

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pstnonsonjoku pstnonsonjoku · Answer 2 · 2021-11-17T08:10:20+01:00

The degree of intermolecular interaction increases with increasing molar mass.

As molecular mass increases, the intermolecular interaction between molecules increases and molecules tend to aggregate more closely together. As such, pentane is liquid due to greater intermolecular interaction and propane is a gas.

Methanol is a liquid at room temperature because the polar O-H group makes hydrogen bonding in the molecule possible leading to greater molecular association via intermolecular interaction. There is only dispersion forces in propane, hence it is a gas at room temperature.

The carbon atom in methanol are sp3 hybridized. The carbon atom in formic acid is sp2 hybridized. The C-O bonds in formate ion are of the same length due to resonance that occurs in the ion. Due to resonance also, each C -O bond length is intermediate between the normal bond length of a single and a double bond. These bonds are neither pure single nor pure double bonds.

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