Explain how cells obtain energy from biological molecules in order to power cellular functions. Your answer should include a description of the structures and events of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation via the ETC and ATP synthase.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the biological molecule found in all living beings and constitutes the main source of energy that can be used by cells for various vital processes.

ATP can be produced from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphorus) present in the medium, mainly through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.

In aerobic organisms, the Krebs cycle is part of the catabolic pathway that performs the oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids to produce CO2 and water, releasing energy in usable form (reducing power and ATP).

The Krebs cycle uses acetyl-CoA that is formed by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, by the action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex.

On the other hand, there are phosphate donor substrates that are used to synthesize ATP, a mechanism known as ATP synthesis at phosphorylation at the substrate level, such as what occurs in glycolysis or fermentation.

Glucose as the primary substrate in most cells is decomposed into CO2 through the oxidative process known as cellular respiration, where 38 molecules of ATP can be produced from a single glucose molecule.

In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, the passage of electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the electron transport chain produces a pumping of protons or (H3O +) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.

The flow of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix provides part of the force necessary for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi by ATP synthase.

Most of the ATP synthesized in the mitochondria will be used for cellular processes in the cytosol, so it must be exported.

Therefore, we can conclude that ATP provides the necessary energy to cells in order to power cellular functions.

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