Answer:
b. use of same plant homogenate throughout.
Explanation:
In an experiment, the controlled variable, also called the CONSTANT is the variable that is kept the same throughout the course of the experiment in order not to influence the result or outcome of the experiment.
In this question, a student performs a cell fractionation experiment to determine the shortest amount time of centrifugation (manipulated variable) at 2000xg that will yield the highest percentage of chloroplasts (responding variable) in the pellet fraction. In this experiment, the variable being controlled is same spinach plant homogenate used throughout.