Read the passage.

Ship captains do what they can to avoid turbulent weather. Rough, stormy seas can threaten ships, which is why captains avoid them and favor serene conditions.

Stormy seas cannot always be avoided, however. In that case, a ship’s ballast—heavy material that is located in the bottom of a ship and acts as a stabilizer—is essential.

Which context clue best helps the reader understand the meaning of turbulent?

“Rough, stormy seas can threaten ships”
“Stormy seas cannot always be avoided”
“heavy material”
“acts as a stabilizer”