When an application checks for malware, it compares the contents of every file it looks at to this database of definitions and if it finds a match, it flags the file as potentially being infected is a true statement.
A lot of programs are known to scan for malware through the use of a database that contains some known malware definitions
These definitions are used to tell what the malware does and how to know it. If the anti-malware program can be able to detects a file that matches the definition, it will then flag it as potential virus.
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