They advocated for more openness in international affairs, free commerce, freedom of the seas, arms reductions, national self-determination, and the adjustment of colonial claims to give equal weight to the peoples of colonized nations.
Colonialism in this sense refers to Western European countries' colonization of regions primarily in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania throughout the Colonial Era. Spain, Portugal, France, the Kingdom of England (later Great Britain), the Netherlands, and the Kingdom of Prussia (now primarily Germany) were the primary European countries involved in this type of colonization, as was the United States beginning in the 18th century. Most of these countries enjoyed near-complete dominance in global commerce at some point between around 1500 and 1900. Imperial Japan also engaged in settler colonization beginning in the late nineteenth century, most notably in Hokkaido and Korea.
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