Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include hormone binding to intracellular receptors.
- When a cell is exposed to extracellular signaling molecules, or first messengers, second messengers, or intracellular signaling molecules, are released by the cell.
- Second messengers cause physiological alterations at the cellular level, including depolarization, migration, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation.
- Secondary messenger systems attach hormones to receptors, which sets off a series of events that result in actions.
- Secondary messengers are chemicals that transmit information from cell surface receptors to targets located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.
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