-Soldiers returning home from the Crusades came into contact with the advanced Byzantine Empire
-Seeking safety from the advancing Muslim forces, Byzantine scholars brought knowledge of the ancient world with them as they fled to Italy
-Italian scholars discovered the works of Plato and Aristotle in libraries in Spain and other places
Following the Middle Ages, Europe experienced a fervent period of cultural, artistic, political, and economic "rebirth" known as the Renaissance.
The Renaissance, which lasted from the 14th to the 17th centuries, promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and art. Marking the transition from medieval to the modern world.
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