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Atomic density increases from top to bottom but fluctuates less noticeably as one proceeds from left to right over a period, showing another periodic tendency in density.
DEN increase or decrease left to right across the period ?
The first-row transition metals' valence electron configurations are listed in Table 1. In order to balance the rise in the positive charge of the nucleus as the atomic number grows, electrons are added to the 3d subshell as we move across the row from left to right.
- The third subshell is filled as predicted based on the aufbau principle and Hund's rule, with two significant exceptions. Unexpectedly, copper has a 4s13d10 electron configuration as opposed to the 4s23d9 predicted by the aufbau principle, and chromium has a 4s13d5 electron configuration as opposed to the 4s23d4 predicted by the aufbau principle.
- We explained these anomalies in Chapter 7 by the additional stability brought on by half-filled subshells.
Over a period, the atomic radius shrinks from left to right. As protons move from left to right in the atom's nucleus, the positive charge of the nucleus rises, increasing its attractive power over the electrons.
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