Nearly every compound of silicon has the element in the ⁺4 oxidation state. In contrast, most compounds of lead have the element in the ⁺2 state.(a) What general observation do these facts illustrate?

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23-08-2022
Chemistry

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Nearly every compound of silicon has the element in the ⁺4 oxidation state. In contrast, most compounds of lead have the element in the ⁺2 state.(a) What general observation do these facts illustrate?

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pankajpal6971 pankajpal6971 · Answer 1 · 2022-09-02T07:06:50+02:00

Nearly every compound of silicon has the element in the ⁺4 oxidation state. In contrast, most compounds of lead have the element in the ⁺2 state because of inert pair effect.

What is Inert pair effect?

The inert-pair effect is defined as the tendency of two electrons in the outermost atomic s-orbital almost remain unshared in the compounds of the post-transition metals.

How we calculate Oxidation state?

Each atom in an element either be in its uncombined or free state has oxidation number of zero. Such as each atom in H₂, Cl₂ , P4, ,O₂ , Na, Al, O3, S8, and Mg, all have an oxidation number zero.
The oxidation state of ions that comprise of only one atom is the actual charge on the ion.
The oxidation state of hydrogen is +1, excluding when it is bonded to metals having two elements. For example, CaH2, its oxidation state is –1.
Fluorine and other halogens have an oxidation state equal to –1 when they appear as a form of halide ions in their compounds.

Since the inert pair effect increases as we go down the group and become more predominant, therefore, the stability of +2 oxidation state goes on increasing down the group. Therefore, Lead is mostly found in +2 oxidation state.

Thus, we concluded that due to inert pair effect Lead is mostly found in +2 oxidation state. While, silicon found in +4 oxidation state.

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