The shape, ideal bond angle(s), and the direction of any deviation from those angles of Group 14 for SnCl₃⁻. and bond angle in 109.5
Each of the elements in this group has an outer shell made up of four electrons. The ground state of a single, neutral group 14 atom is characterized by the s2 p2 configuration. These elements have a strong predisposition to form covalent bonds, which frequently raise the outer shell to eight electrons.
Bonds in these elements frequently lead to hybridization, in which the s and p properties of the orbitals are lost. In addition to the typical four pairs of sp3 electrons for single bonds, there are alternative examples, such as the three sp2 pairs in graphene and graphite. Systems as a whole also tend to have double bonds, as do alkenes, CO2, and other carbon-containing substances.
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