The ways in which rulers of states legitimized their powers: Induced fear through law, used religious version of social order (caste system), used religion to justify rule, Mandate of Heaven, ritual human sacrifice, strong military and good border control.
Service delivery, elections, and the application of the law do not necessarily provide legitimacy; establishing legitimacy requires more than a transactional approach. Citizens' opinions and expectations of the state, which are jointly produced by state agents and citizens, are what give the state its legitimacy. A state's legitimacy depends on its particular environment. According to McCullough et al. (2020), providing various services helps to strengthen state legitimacy in various nations. In Pakistan, health services were more closely related with legitimacy of the state than public water provision in Nepal.
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