Chronic infection may happen in patient that have stopped the antibiotic abruptly, without completing the course as suggested in the question.
Persistent infections are those in which the virus is not eliminated but instead hangs around in a few of the infected person's cells. Without instantly killing or even severely damaging the host cells, persistent infections can involve both silent and productive infection stages. Latent, chronic, and slow infection are three categories of overlapping persistent virus-host interactions.
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