Boosting calcium inflow or sustaining greater calcium levels in the cytosol of cardiac myocytes during an action potential are the major methods for increasing contractility.
The length and intensity of the active state (the interval between contraction and relaxation) affect contractility as evaluated by the force of cardiac muscle strips contracting in vitro (rate of contraction).
The atrial syncytium and the ventricular syncytium are the two functional syncytia in which cardiac muscle fibres are electrically connected. The endogenous heart rate is set to around 100 beats per minute by the cardiac muscle SA node, which is spontaneously active.
The hormone acetylcholine is released by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) to reduce the heart rate.
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