Dr. Grazine should add a comparison group , use alternative forms of the test for reducing the testing threats .
Taking the pretest (not getting the program) affects how participants perform on the posttest. This refers to the extent to which studies can rule out findings or provide alternative explanations that are unlikely. Influences other than the independent variables that may explain the findings of a study are called threats to internal validity.
Attrition bias is a threat to internal validity. In experiments, different rates of reduction between treatment and control groups can skew the results. This bias can affect the relationship between independent and dependent variables. You can make variables appear to be correlated when they are not, and vice versa.
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