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All molecules have energy that causes thermal motion. One result of thermal motion is diffusion: the tendency of substances to spread out evenly in the available space. Although the motion of each individual molecule is random, there can be directional motion of an entire population of molecules.
Consider a chamber containing two different types of dye molecules, purple and orange. The chamber is divided into two compartments (A and B) by a membrane that is permeable to both types of dye. Initially (left image), the concentration of the orange dye is greater on side A, and the concentration of the purple dye is greater on side B. With time, the dye molecules diffuse to a final, equilibrium state (right image) where they are evenly distributed throughout the chamber.
Drag the labels onto the table to indicate when each statement is true. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

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Thermal motion is caused by energy that exists in all molecules. Diffusion—the propensity for substances to disperse uniformly in the available space—is one effect of thermal motion.

Which of the following chemical types can most easily pass through a cell membrane?

Phospholipid bilayers only allow tiny, uncharged molecules to freely diffuse across them. Small nonpolar molecules can easily traverse cell membranes because they are soluble in the lipid bilayer. Examples of these molecules include O2 and CO2.

Which membrane proteins are in charge of facilitating the passage of substances across cellular membranes? Select all that apply.

The two main kinds of membrane transport proteins are carrier proteins and channel proteins. The specific solute to be transported binds to carrier proteins, also known as carriers, permeases, or transporters, and goes through a series of changes in conformation to move the bound solute across the membrane.

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