A material becomes stronger when it is cold-worked, but it loses ductility and electrical conductivity in the process.
A material is cold-worked when it is plastically deformed at a temperature lower than its recrystallization temperature. The temperature at which new grains with low dislocation density start to replace old ones with high dislocation density is known as the material's recrystallization temperature. By virtue of strain hardening, cold working is a valuable method for strengthening, but it is also beneficial for shaping materials.
Cold working is a technique used to modify the form of metals. When a material is cold-worked or, worse, cold-rolled, it loses elasticity. A cold-worked material can be annealed to partially or completely recover the material's original characteristics. Heating a material—in this case, a metal—performs the annealing process. The annealing process has three steps, and each stage yields a distinct outcome. Recovery, recrystallization, and grain development are the three phases of the annealing process.
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