Answer:
Exposure to certain substances during pregnancy can increase the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). These substances include:
1. **Folic Acid Deficiency:** Insufficient intake of folic acid during early pregnancy is a well-established risk factor for neural tube defects.
2. **Certain Medications:** Some medications, such as certain anticonvulsants, have been associated with an increased risk of NTDs.
3. **Hyperthermia (Increased Body Temperature):** Prolonged exposure to high temperatures, such as in hot tubs or saunas, especially during the early weeks of pregnancy, may be associated with an elevated risk.
4. **Certain Medical Conditions:** Maternal diabetes and obesity are conditions that have been linked to an increased risk of neural tube defects.
5. **Environmental Factors:** Exposure to certain environmental toxins and chemicals, though the link may not always be clear-cut, can potentially contribute to neural tube defects.
It's crucial for pregnant individuals to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice and to take prenatal vitamins containing folic acid to help reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
