In the universe, elements heavier than hydrogen are spread through different processes that occur in stars. Here's how it happens:
1. **When a star explodes as a supernova:** During a supernova explosion, elements heavier than hydrogen are formed through nucleosynthesis in the core of the star. These elements are then dispersed into space, enriching the surrounding interstellar medium with heavier elements.
2. **When a star collapses into a neutron star:** When a massive star collapses into a neutron star, it releases energy and undergoes nuclear fusion processes that lead to the production of heavier elements. These elements can be released into space during the collapse and contribute to the enrichment of the universe.
3. **When a star forms into a red giant:** As a star evolves into a red giant, it undergoes fusion reactions in its core that can produce heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen, and iron. When the red giant sheds its outer layers in a planetary nebula, these elements are dispersed into space, where they can become part of new stars and planetary systems.
4. **When a star collapses as a black hole:** When a massive star collapses into a black hole, it can release intense radiation and powerful jets of matter that contain heavy elements. These elements can be expelled into the surrounding space, contributing to the distribution of heavy elements in the universe.
These processes play a crucial role in the chemical evolution of galaxies and the diversity of elements found in the universe, beyond just hydrogen and helium.
