In toluene, the methyl attached to a benzene ring increases the electron density at the ortho and meta position by resonance but does not change the electron density at the meta position of the ring. Therefore, the methyl group in toluene is ortho and para-directing.
Resonance structures can be described as sets of Lewis structures that explain the delocalization of electrons in a polyatomic ion or molecule.
A single Lewis structure fails to describe the bonding to a molecule due to the presence of fractional bonds and partial charges. In such cases, resonance structures can be used to explain chemical bonding.
Resonance could be a manner of describing the bonding in particular molecules by contributory structures or forms, jointly known as canonical structures or resonance structures.
The methyl group in the toluene molecule is ortho and para-directing. Therefore, the reaction of chlorine with toluene will give two products o-chlorotoluene and p-chlorotoluene as shown in the attached diagram.
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